| گرجستان
საქართველო
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شعار:
ძალა ერთობაშია
نیرو در همبستگی است
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پایتخت
(و بزرگترین شهر) |
تفلیس
 ۴۱°۴۳′ شمالی ۴۴°۴۷′ شرقی |
| اقلیتها;(۲۰۰۲) |
۸۳٫۸٪ گرجی
۶٫۵٪ آذری
۵٫۷٪ ارمنی
۱٫۵٪ روس
۲٫۵٪ دیگر |
| دولت |
جمهوری نیمهریاستی متمرکز |
| - |
رئیسجمهور |
سالومه زورابیشویلی |
| - |
نخستوزیر |
ماموکا باختادزه |
| - |
رئیس پارلمان |
ایراکلی کوباخیدزه |
| قوه مقننه |
پارلمان |
| مساحت |
| - |
مجموع |
۶۹٬۹۰۰ کیلومترمربع
۲۶٬۹۱۱ مایل مربع |
| جمعیت |
| - |
تخمین۲۰۱۸ |
۳٬۷۲۹٬۰۰۰ |
| - |
تراکم |
۶۵٫۴/کیلومترمربع
۱۶۹٫۳/مایلمربع |
| تولید ناخالص داخلی (PPP) |
۲۰۱۲ تخمین |
| - |
مجموع |
۲۶٫۳۴۸ بیلیون دلار |
| شاخص توسعه انسانی (۲۰۱۲) |
۰٫۷۴۵ |
| واحد پول |
لاری (ლ) (GEL) |
| منطقه زمانی |
GET (ساعت جهانی+۴) |
| جهت رانندگی |
راست |
| ISO 3166 code |
GE |
| دامنه اینترنت |
.ge |
| پیششماره تلفن |
+۹۹۵ |
Georgia
Is a country in the Caucasus region (Eurasia). Situated on the border of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it borders the West with the Black Sea, the North with Russia, the South with Turkey and Armenia, and the South-East with the Republic of Azerbaijan. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi. Georgia has a land area of 4.3 square kilometers and a population of about 2.5 million per year. Georgia is a centralized, semi-democratic republic, and its government is elected through proxy democracy.
Georgia is one of the countries in both Europe and Asia, and one of the goals of the Georgian political authorities is to join the European Union and NATO. Georgia is currently a member of the European Union and NATO. Russia opposes this approach and has stated that it will not back Georgia's NATO membership and the creation of a NATO military base in Georgia.
Indigenous people of Georgia are Orthodox Christians and followers of the Georgian Orthodox Church. Georgians speak Kartuli (Georgian), which is the official language of Georgia and is written in Kartuli (Georgian) alphabet. The Cartuli Alphabet is one of the fourteen alphabets available in the world.
The longevity of human life in Georgia dates back to 1.2.1 (one million eight hundred thousand) years ago, where a group of early Georgian humans lived. Georgia was known as Iberia in ancient times, and today in many languages the Greek word "Georgia" (Georgia) means "agricultural".
From the founding of the kingdom of ancient Georgia or Iberia by Parnavaz I in the fourth century BC to the Mongol invasion of Georgia in the 6th century, there is a period of peace in Georgian history, and from the Mongol invasion onwards, historical Georgia is over and over. Nashib has stood firm against the attacks of Iranians, Ottomans and Russians, the latest being the Russian invasion of Georgia in the year 9.
History
5 million year old Georgian human skull
Early humans can be traced in the South Caucasus, especially in Georgia, well before the Paleolithic period. A skull of a European human race living one million eight hundred thousand years ago has been found in recent excavations in the Dmanisi area.
Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, throughout Georgia has witnessed widespread economic growth, coupled with a high level of craftsmanship, expanding business relationships and coupled with increasing social inequalities. In the late second half of the second millennium BC, the conditions for the emergence of a class society had been created.
From the second millennium BC, as Assyrians, herdsmen and ranchers settled in Mesopotamia in Georgia, which later formed the Urartu empire. It is noteworthy that the Georgian tribes began their unity at the end of the Bronze Age. At the end of the second millennium and the beginning of the first millennium BC, two major tribal unions emerged in the southeastern parts of ancient Georgia: Diookhi and Kulkhis, both of which lasted until the eighth century BC.
In the middle of the eighth century BCE, Diocese collapsed as a result of the power of Urartu. Cole's (Kolkhis) dominance and opposition to the Taoists (Diaokhi) also contributed. A portion of the Diocese land was transferred to the Coleans. Some time later the conflict between Cole and Urarto began and Cole failed.
The territory of Urartu was the largest empire of its time. In the 7th century BC, the Aryans established the Median kingdom at the same time as Urartu's period of weakness began. With the power of the Medes and the defeat of Urartu, the Medes settled around modern-day Armenia, the result of a combination of the two Armenians (Georgian and Aryan). In the middle of the sixth century BC, the Achaemenids replaced the Medes in their rule over ancient Georgia.
From the sixth to the fourth centuries BC, the fortification of the Cartholian tribes became largely inhabited by Eastern Georgians. Conflict between the various Georgian confederations eventually led to the formation of the Iberian kingdom into a "monotheistic" capital..
Map of Mongol-Ruled Areas from Year 6 (Georgia Is Not a Region)
The peak of Iran's dominance over Georgia was the Safavid era, with the most important events being
- Six times the Safavid army invaded Georgia
- Massacre of many Georgians
- Captivity and Exile of 6,000 Thousand Remains of Georgians Killed in Qazvin, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Isfahan and Fars
- Intermittent establishment of Safavid rule over the east and Ottoman rule over western Georgia
After the Safavids, Nader Shah Afshar invaded Georgia and deported 3,000 (thirty thousand) Georgians to Khorasan. Agham Mohammad Khan Qajar, after the assault on Tbilisi, massacred one of the bloodiest events in Georgia's history, and sent Georgia to Iran.
Tbilisi
After independence, Georgia became involved in a number of very acute ethnic issues, and separatist demands led to two serious internal conflicts. The Abkhazia-South Ossetian debate and the agrarian problem, in effect, put the Georgian government on the brink of collapse and disintegrated it for a time as a failed state. In the post-independence period, two breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia have still not given up on separatist demands, and the Georgian government has virtually failed to exercise control over the two regions.
With the signing of the Treaty of Georgia in 5, Georgia became a Russian protectorate, and some twenty years later, in the year 8, Russia declared Georgia as one of its governors and a tsarist regime was established in Georgia. Georgia declared independence in the year after the October Revolution of Russia, but the Soviet Red Army invaded Georgia in 5 AD and for one year Georgia was a Soviet republic until in 9 AD. ), Achieved official independence.
Location
تفلیس
دریای سیاه
ارمنستان
جمهوریآذربایجان
روسیه
ترکیه
Georgia is between 1 and 2 minutes to 1 and 2 minutes north latitude, and 1 and 2 minutes to 1 and 2 minutes east longitude, respectively.
The country is stretched along circuits with a length of about 2 kilometers, a maximum width of 2 kilometers and a long diameter of 2 kilometers. Georgia is 1.5 square kilometers and slightly larger than Sri Lanka and smaller than Sierra Leone. It is larger than Central European and East Asian countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Austria, Denmark, South Korea, Armenia, Croatia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The length of the Georgian border is approximately 1.5 kilometers. The country borders the Russian Federation from the north, along all these boundary lines of the Great Caucasus Volcano and covers 1.5 km of common border. This border is very important in terms of military strategy. In fact, it borders Russia's natural borders to the south, Georgia to the south and the Autonomous Republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingush, North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachi-Cherkessia, as well as Krasnodar to the north. The most important communications route between the Central and Western Caucasus, which connects Russia with Georgia, Armenia and Iran, crosses this border. Protecting and protecting this frontier is vital to Russia, just as it was in the Soviet Union and tsarist Russia, and many wars have been waged to reach these borders.
Georgia borders the Republic of Azerbaijan in the east with a length of 1.5 km. Two major routes connect Georgia to the East, the Caspian Sea and Iran (land and rail). In addition, the Baku-Supsa oil pipeline also crosses the border. In the south, Georgia borders the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey respectively from east to west. The border line between Georgia and Armenia is 1.5 km and with Turkey 1.5 km. To the west, the Georgian border reaches the Black Sea, with a coastline of 5 kilometers.
The Autonomous Republic of Ajara covers an area of 6,000 square kilometers in the southern part of the Black Sea coast. The South Ossetian Autonomous Province, or Samchablo, is also located on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, with an area of 5,000 kilometers. Georgia is the second largest republic of the South Caucasus in terms of area and population (after the Republic of Azerbaijan), with an area of 4.7 thousand square kilometers.
The length of the Georgian coast of the Black Sea is 5 kilometers, stretching between the mouth of the Gonio Cape. Sochi and Chechnya in Russia and Lori Province in Armenia and two orthovin and Ardahan provinces in Turkey and Zakatala in the Republic of Azerbaijan have been part of Georgia for the past 5 years, but Russia has been forcibly segregated and separated from Georgia. He also intends to split Georgia further.
State and administrative divisions
Georgia 8 provinces, one autonomous region (South Ossetia Tskhinvali center) and 2 of the Autonomous Republic of Ajaria, namely the center of Batumi and Sukhumi Abkhazia is divided in the center. Adjara and Abkhazia operate under the auspices of the Georgian central government and the governors of these regions are appointed and directed by the central government. South Avesta is not the official name of the province, and Russia calls the area South Avesta the original and ancient name of the region is Samchablo.
The Georgian capital, Tbilisi (Georgian: თბილისი, pronunciation: Tbilisi) and major cities of Kutaisi, Batumi, Rustavi, Zugdidi, Gori and Poti are.
weather
Georgian nature
Georgia is unique in climate, seen every four seasons, as summer blacksmiths rule on the shores of the Black Sea, on hillsides, on fresh grass and spring flowers, as well as in the mountains, Thick fog or snow and rain are associated.
But the great Caucasian mountains, like Kazbegi and other mountains, have always been covered with thick snow for most of the year. Overall, Georgia's climate is a function of the geographical location of the territory. Saturated air masses from the Black Sea water vapor from the west into the Caucasus corridor and into western Georgia cause intermittent rainfall and enter the eastern Georgia with relative loss of moisture from the Surami, Meskhetian, and Arsani Mountains. Perhaps this is why Eastern Georgia receives less rainfall and its climate is drier.
Unevenness
Georgia is mostly mountainous. More than 80% of the country's territory overlaps the mountains and hills. Normal earthquake activity in volcanic areas in southern Georgia has been revealed. Contrary to general geology, the Greater Caucasus region is divided into three parts: western, central, and eastern, in accordance with the geology and the main roughness structure.
Greater Caucasus
Satellite image of Caucasus
Passing west to east along the Great Caucasus Range, it is possible to observe a gradual increase in the main flow of water between the rivers of the North and South slopes, as well as the peak mountains stretching along the Black Sea coast and the Kulkhis lowlands. All of the mountainous areas stretching between the Paso Valley and the eastern borders of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia is called the "Western Caucasus". The western Caucasus mainland, like huge bumps, is covered by rocky peaks, among which are glaciers deep in circus holes. The Great Caucasus Rift is about a thousand meters above the permanent snow line. Mountain passes, most of the time, are Malrow Road. They are 5 to 5 meters above sea level.
The Great Caucasus peaks are covered with permanent snow. The deposits at the bottom of the peaks are the result of centuries of weathering erosion. The sharp difference between daytime temperatures causes even the hardest rocks of the John Granite, Gneiss and metamorphic schists to form most of the mountain range.
The icy waterfalls, formed by glacial tabs, flow over stone fences and flow into deep, narrow valleys. These cascades feed the myriad of streams and streams that form the lower rivers.
In the eastern part of the western Caucasus, the calcareous shores are shorter and form relatively short humps. One of these mountains is deeply cut by the Galideszga River. From the top of the canyon, the steep slopes of the mountains can be seen again. Although not made of lime, they are mainly hard sandstones of old volcanic rocks.
Located in sharp edges, recently covered by impenetrable forests, one of Georgia's industrial centers is the Soviet-era town of Tskhovarchi. In this area, coal has been found in sand and Jurassic rocks.
East Kulkhis Interstate
Kulkhis is located along the Surami Mountains, the easternmost branch of the lowland between Georgia. The nature of this area is diverse. To the south of the stepped slopes of the Trialeti Mountains are raised heads. Along its pedestals lies a steep river valley on which the rail line is drawn.
Little Caucasus
Part of the mountainous region is the small Caucasus stretching along the Georgian border. The area has two separate sections in terms of structure and roughness. The northern part is the folded marginal mountains and the Javakheti volcanic heights. The next section, stretching from the Black Sea to Tbilisi, consists mainly of low Tertiary volcanic rocks. The volcanic highlands are composed of high Tertiary young layers and Quaternary lava flows that form a long plateau with a series of silent volcanic cones and domes.
Hydrology
Rivers
The collision of two rivers Mekvari and Aragvi
The Surami, Meskhetian and Arsani Mountains divide the Georgian rivers into two basins: the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Due to heavy rainfall, the rivers of the Black Sea Basin form a denser network and flow more water than eastern Georgia. West Georgia is characterized by a large number of small streams fed by the rains and part of the marshes. These rivers enter the Black Sea directly. In the Mekwari River Basin, there are no such examples of marshy streams, but the rivers have seasonal flows and dry up in summer. In western Georgia, where carbonate rocks have spread, many streams originate from springs or streams emanating from underground karstic holes. In the high-altitude Java lands, there are rivers that feed on lakes and a large amount of groundwater.
The rivers of Georgia are of great economic importance. According to estimates of hydroelectric sources, Georgia occupies an important place among the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and is ahead of many foreign countries including France, Italy, Spain, Austria, Greece, Portugal, Serbia, Hungary, Germany and Belgium.
Lakes
The number of lakes in Georgia is small and most of them are small and do not play a role in Georgia's landscape. However, different lakes in the country of origin but has a beautiful shape. Hara has the largest number of lakes Javakheti highlands. Basalt Lake is located in eastern Georgia and is located within the small town of Lisi Lake in Tbilisi. It should be borne in mind that a number of natural lakes, but many artificial lakes were also created in Georgia.
Refrigerators
On the Caucasus Central Range in the Georgian territory, there are many refrigerators. This is natural, as the snowfall is at the western end of the mountain range at 2 m high and at the eastern end at 5 m above sea level. Hundreds of mountains in the Greater Caucasus Mountains are above this altitude. Many Georgian glaciers are concentrated on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. Many of Georgia's glaciers are quite large. In particular, the number of large glaciers in the Ingorie River Basin reaches about 4 glaciers. The largest of these are Tubery (2 km long), Lexirie (1.5 km long) and Tessany (2 km long). Refrigerators are of significant economic importance. These glaciers feed the Georgian colonies. In summer, the glaciers melt in glaciers, supplying large quantities of water to the Riviera, Inguri, Turk, and other rivers.
Swan Refrigerator
Mineral water
The South Caucasus, especially in Georgia, is the area of active volcanoes of recent geological eruptions, which is an earthquake-dense area with new tectonic movements. Subterranean forces are now characterized by hot springs and spas that are expelled from many parts of Georgia.
"Water of life" can be called hot springs and radioactivity "Tskalaltobo". Alkaline-carbon spas are sometimes known as the "bromide" of comfort worldwide. Minji's mineral water is comparable to Matsesta's near Sochi. The alkaline-salt springs of "Syerme", "Lugla", "Zawwara" in "Java" are similar to those of "San Tuk". Finally, Tbilisi's sulfur-alkali springs are very popular.
Soilology
In the territory of Georgia, a wide range of soils, ranging from gray-brown and semi-desert saline, ie dry steppe soils and temperate temperate forest soils to red and podzoly soils adjacent to orbital and alpine grasslands.
Despite the significant natural differences between eastern Georgia and western Georgia, the soils of these two areas also differ, especially in lowland mountainous areas. The grassy-mountainous soils of the high volcanic lands of South Georgia have their own characteristics. Here, in the Akhalkalaki Plateau, in the neighborhoods of Thessaly, Damascus and Gomarti, up to 2m high, the mountains of Chernozium are the dominant soils. Slightly higher, in the Javakheti, Trialeti, and Samsara Mountains, these soils are replaced by grassy-mountainous soils. Georgia's grassy-mountainous soils are covered by alpine and semi-alpine grasslands that form the basis of animal husbandry.
Biogeography
Vegetation
It is estimated that about 3 species of plants are found in Georgia. The forests have the most important vegetable reserves in Georgia, accounting for about one-third of the country's territory. Vertical zoning is clearly marked with mountainous Georgia. The vegetation of eastern Georgia is different from that of western Georgia. The warm and humid vegetation of West Georgia is abundant and varied.
The green cover of the Kulkhis suburbs and the pine hills of West Georgia is very rich. Rainforest forests have grown on the marshy soils of Kulkhis. Numerous varieties of oak (Imertian, Iberian, Hartwiss) beech, chestnut, hornbeam and alder are alternately replaced with maple, persimmon, sparrow, tephra, pear, apple and eastern beech.
Alpine meadows and carpet-like species, with altitudes from 0 to 5 to 5 m above sea level, constitute the dominant vegetation. Here the short plants grow with large and beautiful flowers (yellow gentian, herbaceous, cauliflower, etc.). At the top of the alpine area, the mountains are free of continuous vegetation.
Animal Life
There are many animals in Georgia that are unique to a variety of landscapes, from the orbital area to the snow-capped mountains. Here, native animal species, including migratory animals from other areas, are found. In Georgia, altitude zones (from the steppe and humid orbital areas to the alpine areas) are quite distinct in Georgia. In the Greater Caucasus Alpine region, different species of sheep and goats live.
Birds that nest in the alpine area include snowdrops, hawks, beautiful Caucasian roosters, which live in grasses, and predatory birds such as golden eagles and bearded vultures. There are many fish in the inland waters. The Mekwari River and its tributaries are home to the Caspian Eel, salmon, whitefish, catfish, herring, duck and carp. Mountain streams are full of salmon.
Demographics
Demographic Characteristics
Georgian wikis
Georgia had a population of 4.3% in the year 2, of which 4.3% (2%) were men and 2.3% (2%) women. Georgia's population growth rate has been -1.7% since the beginning of the year. According to the year 2 statistics, the birthrate is 2% and the mortality rate is 2%.
Age and sex composition
According to statistics from year 1, 2% of the total population of Georgia under the age of 5 years constitutes 2% between 2 and 4 years and 2% over 2 years. Life expectancy in Georgia in 2008 was 5.5 years.
Urban and rural population
Georgia's rural population was 2% of the total population in the year. The figure was down to 7% in the year 2, according to the rural population rate. The annual growth rate of the rural population between the ages of 1 and 2 was -4. The urban population of the country in the year 2 was 4.3 tons (1%). This figure was reported to be 4.1.2 tonnes (1%) in year 2.
Education System
University of Tbilisi
Georgian constitution to be free schooling up to ninth grade predicted Johannesburg. Also in public universities, students have free education. Georgian schools into Russian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Ossetian and Abkhazian there.
Due to the changes made in the pre-university period, the total period of schooling has been five years; from first to sixth: Elementary, from seventh to ninth: Basic, from tenth to twelfth: Secondary education . From first to ninth grade is compulsory and free, from the tenth to twelfth, most recently just part of the cost borne by the government. The type of schools has also changed.
In 2004, the literacy rate among adults (15 years and above), was 100% and the country's education index 0. 89 Bvdhast.nsbt women to men in 2001, in terms of elementary, middle and high school, respectively: 95 There were 2, 4, and 5%, respectively.
Healthcare
Georgia's public health expenditure accounted for 4.3% of Georgia's GDP, compared with 6% in the second quarter. There have been many state-of-the-art hospitals built in Georgia in recent years.
Culture
The dominant culture of Georgia is the culture of the Georgian people, which is an essential element of the Caucasian culture and has in common with other Caucasian cultures. Georgian culture is one of the richest cultures in the world.
Language
A book by Ilya Chavchavadze on Georgian script and language
Georgian language the language of the official language of Georgia and Georgia.
Georgian is one of the Caucasian languages and belongs to the Kartolian family. 14 languages are part of the language that has the alphabet.
the literature
Georgian literature dates back to 5.5 years ago and came into existence a few centuries BC. One of the oldest authentic Georgian literary works that has survived to the present day is Jacob Tsvetauri, entitled "Shushanik Testimony" (5th Century), a work of art supremely loyal to the idea of patriotism, the 5th-6th century, literary era. It constitutes Georgian. That's when a romantic and romantic story called "Vysramanian", translated by Sargis Temoguli and a collection of stories about the "Amiran Darjanian" by the Bloody Mosque, admirable poems about "Abdul Samimi" by Ivane Shawtli and "Tamariani" by Chakhrooz. .
Line
The Georgian script is one of the five writing systems in the world, specifically for writing Georgian and other Kartolian languages.
This writing system consists of three equivalent alphabets, namely: asymmetric, neural, and anchoric, which are nowadays the only formal and widely used moths.
The oldest inscription discovered in the Georgian language is written in the first Georgian alphabet, the Asomethauri, dating from the 1st century BC.
Calligraphy
A kind of Georgian calligraphy
Georgian calligraphy has centuries of history. Georgian handwritten books from the early centuries are among Georgia's national and cultural treasures. Christianity has played an important role in Georgian literature, and it has been the Georgian Orthodox monks who have preserved Georgian calligraphy and script by copying religious books and writing Georgian history.
Art
Georgian art has been the subject of flourishing architecture, painting and painting since ancient times. These works are of historical value today. In the feudal system, the combination of sculpture, sculpture and painting was a function of architecture and was an integral part of architectural works. Engraving and carving on metal and pottery is one of the oldest arts in Georgia. Past centuries have obliterated the precise date of the birth of these arts, but according to archaeological evidence, the art of carving and pottery dates back to 4,500 years (1). Sculpture, engraving on metals with goldsmithing, has a strong and unbroken bond. The enchanting Georgian enamels, with their own motifs, with bright and stunning colors and with the transparency of their glazes and artificial stones and their colored glass, is the first in the world.
The Gospel
Georgian masters of visual arts have a great passion for artistic activity, they create genuine and inspiring works on subjects of our age. Spring and Autumn exhibitions of paintings throughout Georgia in the Paintings Gallery have become a traditional ritual. The participation of Georgian painters in paintings exhibitions at home and abroad, such as Belgium, Italy, Great Britain, the United States, etc. has always been a great success.
the cinema
Georgian Cinema The development and evolution of the field of filmmaking and filmmaking is an important success for Georgian national culture. There are dozens of art, cartoon, science, public, documentary, and more films made in Georgia every year. A number of Georgia-made films have won prizes and diplomas at international festivals and throughout the republics. The film "Father of the Soldier" was a huge success at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. Films such as "Oshba", "Alazani Plain", and "On the Pamir Heights" were highly acclaimed at international festivals and were awarded diplomas of honor. The Center for the Active and Creative Life of Cinema Art Workers is the Union of Filmmakers.
Theater
From the very beginning, Georgian theater has been a step in the direction of realism. Based on national plays written by stupid writers like David Koldinshvili, Zorabi Antonov, Shalova Dadiani and others, at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a strong theatrical movement and movement emerged, with a large group of artist actors at the helm. They were. In the 6th year a dramatic theater was founded, called Shota Rustaveli. In the 6th year, a dramatic theater called K. Marjanishvili was created and began his artistic career. Training and training and preparing actors and directors and theater directors at the Theater Institute. A state-of-the-art theater museum has been established in Georgia. Gribadov's Tbilisi Theater aids good traditions in Georgian theater cultures, Georgian theater has enjoyed a prominent place among the theatrical cultures of the former Soviet republics, and Georgian theaters and their outstanding work outside the Georgian borders are also popular. .
موسیقی
Georgian music is one of the richest and most ancient music in the world. Georgian songs are associated with medieval church songs. According to sources, there were two types of acoustic music in Byzantium and Georgia. One of them was Greek and mono sound and the other was Georgian with three degrees of sound. The most notable songwriters are St. Gregory of Khanzta and Mikhail Mudrakili, and Ivana Mitbari in the tenth century.
Dance
Georgian dance is one of the traditional dances of the Caucasian region. It is a series of folk dances of Georgian people that was passed down from generation to generation and developed in this process.
Georgian Dance
Kartoli Dance
Dance Dance
Khore dance
Dance Charvly
Dance Partsa
Dance Qazbgvry
Dance Khnjlvry
Dance Khevsuruli
Dance Mtyvlvry
Dance Khvnga
Simdi Dance
Dance Kintouri
Samaya Dance
State Dance
Swanuri Dance
people
Race and Ethnicity
The Georgians are Georgia's largest ethnic group and are scattered throughout the country and have centralized power. Georgian Azerbaijanis are also considered to be the largest ethnic minority of Georgia according to the latest ethnic census of the Georgian government.
According to the latest count of ethnicity by the Georgian government in year 2: Georgians: 1.2%, Azerbaijanis: 1.2%, Armenians: 5.1%, Russians: 5.1%, Asians: 5.1% and There were also other ethnicities.
"The race of the Georgian people is the purest and most original of the Oriental races and the purest of races," says Shardin, a prominent French tourist who has described Georgia in his travelogue.
جمعیت گرجستان بر پایه اقوام ۱۹۲۶–۲۰۰۲
گروه
قومی |
آمار ۱۹۲۶ |
آمار ۱۹۳۹ |
آمار ۱۹۵۹ |
آمار ۱۹۷۰ |
آمار ۱۹۷۹ |
آمار ۱۹۸۹ |
آمار ۲۰۰۲ |
| |
رتبه |
% |
تعداد |
% |
تعداد |
% |
تعداد |
% |
تعداد |
% |
تعداد |
% |
تعداد |
| گرجیها |
۱٬۷۸۸٬۱۸۶ |
۶۶٫۸ |
۲٬۱۷۳٬۹۲۲ |
۶۱٫۴ |
۲٬۶۰۰٬۵۸۸ |
۶۴٫۳ |
۳٬۱۳۰٬۷۴۱ |
۶۶٫۸ |
۳٬۴۳۳٬۰۱۱ |
۶۸٫۸ |
۳٬۷۸۷٬۳۹۳ |
۷۰٫۷ |
۵٬۶۶۱٬۱۷۳ |
۸۳٫۸ |
| آذربایجانی |
۱۳۷٬۹۲۱ |
۵٫۲ |
۱۸۸٬۰۵۸ |
۵٫۳ |
۱۵۳٬۶۰۰ |
۳٫۸ |
۲۱۷٬۷۵۸ |
۴٫۶ |
۲۵۵٬۶۷۸ |
۵٫۱ |
۳۰۷٬۵۵۶ |
۵٫۷ |
۲۸۴٬۷۶۱ |
۶٫۵ |
| ارمنیها |
۳۰۷٬۰۱۸ |
۱۱٫۵ |
۴۱۵٬۰۱۳ |
۱۱٫۷ |
۴۴۲٬۹۱۶ |
۱۱٫۰ |
۴۵۲٬۳۰۹ |
۹٫۷ |
۴۴۸٬۰۰۰ |
۹٫۰ |
۴۳۷٬۲۱۱ |
۸٫۱ |
۲۴۸٬۹۲۹ |
۵٫۷ |
| روسها |
۹۶٬۰۸۵ |
۳٫۶ |
۳۰۸٬۶۸۴ |
۸٫۷ |
۴۰۷٬۸۸۶ |
۱۰٫۱ |
۳۹۶٬۶۹۴ |
۸٫۵ |
۳۷۱٬۶۰۸ |
۷٫۴ |
۳۴۱٬۱۷۲ |
۶٫۳ |
۶۷٬۶۷۱ |
۱٫۵ |
| آسیها |
۱۱۳٬۲۹۸ |
۴٫۲ |
۱۴۷٬۶۷۷ |
۴٫۲ |
۱۴۱٬۱۷۸ |
۳٫۵ |
۱۵۰٬۱۸۵ |
۳٫۲ |
۱۶۰٬۴۹۷ |
۳٫۲ |
۱۶۴٬۰۵۵ |
۳٫۰ |
۳۸٬۰۲۸ |
۰٫۹ |
| ایزدیان |
۲٬۲۶۲ |
۰٫۱ |
۱۲٬۹۱۵ |
۰٫۴ |
۱۶٬۲۱۲ |
۰٫۴ |
۲۰٬۶۹۰ |
۰٫۴ |
۲۵٬۶۸۸ |
۰٫۵ |
۳۳٬۳۳۱ |
۰٫۶ |
۱۸٬۳۲۹ |
۰٫۴ |
| کردها |
۷٬۹۵۵ |
۰٫۳ |
۲٬۵۱۴ |
۰٫۱ |
| یونانیها |
۵۴٬۰۵۱ |
۲٫۰ |
۸۴٬۶۳۶ |
۲٫۴ |
۷۲٬۹۳۸ |
۱٫۸ |
۸۹٬۲۴۶ |
۱٫۹ |
۹۵٬۱۰۵ |
۱٫۹ |
۱۰۰٬۳۲۴ |
۱٫۹ |
۱۵٬۱۶۶ |
۰٫۳ |
| اوکراینیها |
۱۴٬۳۵۶ |
۰٫۵ |
۴۵٬۵۹۵ |
۱٫۳ |
۵۲٬۲۳۶ |
۱٫۳ |
۴۹٬۶۲۲ |
۱٫۱ |
۴۵٬۰۳۶ |
۰٫۹ |
۵۲٬۴۴۳ |
۱٫۰ |
۷٬۰۳۹ |
۰٫۲ |
| آبخازها |
۵۶٬۸۴۷ |
۲٫۱ |
۵۷٬۸۰۵ |
۱٫۶ |
۶۲٬۸۷۸ |
۱٫۶ |
۷۹٬۴۴۹ |
۱٫۷ |
۸۵٬۲۸۵ |
۱٫۷ |
۹۵٬۸۵۳ |
۱٫۸ |
۳٬۵۲۷ |
۰٫۱ |
| آشوریان |
۲٬۹۰۴ |
۰٫۱ |
۴٬۷۰۷ |
۰٫۱ |
۵٬۰۰۵ |
۰٫۱ |
۵٬۶۱۷ |
۰٫۱ |
۵٬۲۸۶ |
۰٫۱ |
۶٬۲۰۶ |
۰٫۱ |
۳٬۲۹۹ |
۰٫۱ |
| یهودیان |
۳۰٬۳۸۹ |
۱٫۱ |
۴۲٬۳۰۰ |
۱٫۲ |
۵۱٬۵۸۲ |
۱٫۳ |
۵۵٬۳۸۲ |
۱٫۲ |
۲۸٬۲۹۸ |
۰٫۶ |
۲۴٬۷۹۵ |
۰٫۵ |
۲٬۳۳۳ |
۰٫۱ |
| دیگر اقوام |
۶۵٬۹۶۱ |
۲٫۵ |
۵۸٬۷۱۱ |
۱٫۷ |
۳۷٬۰۱۵ |
۰٫۹ |
۳۸٬۶۶۵ |
۰٫۸ |
۳۹٬۶۹۰ |
۰٫۸ |
۵۰٬۵۰۲ |
۰٫۹ |
۱۸٬۷۶۶ |
۰٫۵ |
| مجموع |
۲٬۶۷۷٬۲۳۳ |
۳٬۵۴۰٬۰۲۳ |
۴٬۰۴۴٬۰۴۵ |
۴٬۶۸۶٬۳۵۸ |
۴٬۹۹۳٬۱۸۲ |
۵٬۴۰۰٬۸۴۱ |
۷٬۱۴۲٬۰۰۰ |
| |
Religious
According to statistics from 2002, the majority of the Georgian people, (approximately 70%), Christian and follower of the Georgian Orthodox Church. After Georgian orthodoxy, Islam in Georgia is regarded as the country's largest religious minority. Georgian Azerbaijanis Muslim population and other ethnic groups in the country, including Ajaria form. Russians residing in Georgia are other minorities in the country that make up the Russian Orthodox population; they also include Apostolic Armenians and Protestant Germans.
Economy
Georgia was one of the richest former Soviet republics because of privileges such as access to open water, favorable weather, advanced agriculture, mines, industry and tourism; and its people enjoyed a high standard of living. But after the collapse of the USSR in the year 514, civil wars raged from 1 to 5, making the Georgian economy as a newly independent country in severe crisis. But in recent years, Georgia has enjoyed an advanced and modern economy relative to its surrounding countries and to its counterparts, and there has been significant growth in the Georgian economy.
Agriculture
Toast
Prior to the year 9, Georgia exported a large volume of food and agricultural products and was a major supplier of vegetables, fruit, tea, liquor and citrus to other Soviet republics. After Georgia's independence, traditional markets were lost and overall production levels declined due to political and economic problems. But soon the country's agricultural market flourished and exported a lot. There are also many vineyards in eastern and southeastern Georgia and one of the best wines in the world. There are many international wineries in Georgia.
Cultivation of citrus and tea is flourishing in the adjacent humid orbit region. Cultivation of crops, industrial crops, potatoes, vegetables and forage crops is cultivated in the country. Georgia is the birthplace of wine in the world and Georgians are the inventors of wine and Georgians are registered under the name of Georgians in UNESCO.
Industry
The industry is the main branch of the Georgian economy and plays a large role in the economic development of the country. Georgia's industries were closely linked to the economies of other Soviet republics and were heavily dependent on Russia and other Soviet republics for supply of raw materials, energy and spare parts, and therefore suffered considerable losses in its post-independence years. By the year 9, almost one-third of Georgian factories had ceased production. But after a while the Georgian industry grew and prospered, and many investors came to Georgia to build the plant. Huawei and Sony phones for Europe are made in Georgia.
Of Georgia's industrial products, the food industry accounts for 2.7%, the light industry 4.4%, for the machinery and steel industry accounts for 1.5%.
There are also industrial manufacturing companies in the country. Manufacture of glass and crystal containers, ceramic artifacts, metalworking machinery and military industries are other areas of Georgian industrial activity.
In Georgia, light industry has expanded widely. In Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi, Sukhumi and some other cities, consumer goods companies such as woolen, silk and cotton, clothing, footwear, knitwear and knitwear are employed. Food industry establishments include tea mills, wine making, canned and compote production, perfume and cologne, tobacco, pastry, meat, milk and many more.
mines
Georgia has numerous mines, the most important of which are coal, manganese, refractory soil, barite ferrous, agate, marble, iron ore, arsenic, molybdenum, tungsten and mercury. Despite significant mines in Georgia, due to various reasons, such as the lack of technology and financial resources, it was not possible to fully identify and exploit these mines during the Soviet Union.
The world's largest manganese mine is located in Georgia. The mine, located near the town of Chiatura near the port of Poti, is 2 square kilometers and its manganese reserves are estimated at 5 million tons.
Georgia produced 8,000 tons of coal, 6,000 tons of copper, 6,000 tons of cement, 2kg of gold and 2kg of silver.
Tourism
Tourism is one of the most important service sectors of Georgia, which plays an important role in the country's economy. This important part of the pre-independence period was well-flourished. In the year 5, 2.9% entered Georgia, of which 1.1% were tourists, generating $ 1.2 billion in revenue. Georgia is a tourist country with many touristy cities including Kutaisi, Zugdidi, Batumi, Sighnaghi, Bourjomi, Tbilisi, Poti, Sukhumi and Rural World and the birthplace of the world wine (in Kakheti Province).
Services
vThe Georgian economy is largely dependent on the service sector, and its role in the economic structure of Georgia has gradually increased. One of the important examples of this sector is tourism, which plays an important role in the service sector.
Energy [edit]
In terms of hydropower production, Georgia has a significant place among the CIS and European countries. It is ahead of many European countries in terms of hydropower generation. Currently, Georgia's annual electricity demand is about 2 billion kWh, all of which is generated on Georgian soil. Georgia also supplies additional electricity to neighboring countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey.
Georgia is a country with plenty of water and wind that it uses extensively to generate electricity. Ingorie Dam Georgia's largest dam, as well as the world's third-largest dam, as well as wind power plants in the north of the country generate huge amounts of electricity annually. In terms of oil and gas resources, there are about 3 oil fields discovered in Georgia. Of these discovered oil fields, 7,000 barrels of oil and 3.5 million cubic meters of gas are extracted annually.
Oil
Oil Pipelines
Generally in the north, center and east of the country oil resources have been discovered by western oil companies in the Rostov region in recent geological exploration of larger oil and gas resources.
There are three major oil companies operating in Georgia: Ninotsminda in the Ninotsminda region, Larisse Oil Company in the Samgrove region, and Georgian State Oil Company named Georgian Oil Company. [2]
Available and Planned Routes for Energy Resources:
- Baku-Supsa pipeline: This pipeline connecting Baku in the Republic of Azerbaijan to Supsa in the Black Sea is active. The pipeline directs about 2 barrels of oil to tankers in the Supsa coastal water
- Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Agreement signed and approved by Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turkey.
- Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline: It is a state-of-the-art pipeline agreement in progress between Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turkey.
Gas
Natural gas in Georgia covers almost all sectors of industry and energy, agriculture and all major cities and towns.
Georgia's natural gas production was estimated at 2 million cubic meters in year 5. Exports and imports of gas are estimated at 1.2 billion cubic meters. Recently, huge gas reserves have been found in southeastern and northwestern Georgia in the past year, which researchers say could supply the entire continent of Europe and Georgia itself with gas for up to two years. it takes time. Currently, these resources are being exploited by the Georgian National Gas Company with the assistance of a Swedish company.
Electricity
According to estimates of hydroelectric sources, Georgia occupies an important place among the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and is ahead of many foreign countries, including France, Italy, Spain, Austria, Greece, Portugal and Serbia. Georgia's existing electricity system is connected to two hydroelectric power plants and three thermal power plants. The largest hydroelectric power plant under construction is the Inguri Power Plant, with power generation capacity increasing from 1 to 2 MW to 2 MW. The Inguri Dam is the third largest and largest dam in the world.
The new hydroelectric power plants under construction in Georgia are 2 MW, Janiti 2 MW, Khadi 2 MW, and Kakhi 1.5 MW
coal
There are numerous coal mines in Georgia. Takhvarchali mine with 2 million tons of coal and 2 million tons of coal reserves are the most important. Coal production in Georgia in the year 2 was 2 tons. The country ranks 5th in the world in terms of hard coal production from 1 to 5 years.
Transportation
roads
All districts and administrative centers of Georgia, including many villages, are connected by a network of highways and roads that cover the whole country. Overall, Georgia's asphalted roads are about 4km long, with plans to expand roads, especially highways, including the construction of a six-lane Black Sea port of Tbilisi to Tbilisi and from Abkhazia to the Azerbaijani border.
rail
The Georgian Railway on the Tbilisi-Samtredia route enables the connection of the three Caucasian states and Russia via the Black Sea coast to Shamal via Abkhazia. The shorter routes within Georgia connect most of the country's cities. Compared to neighboring countries, its traction power is high because most locomotives and wagons are manufactured there.
air Lines
Georgian Airlines
Georgia has a state-of-the-art domestic and foreign air transport system; it uses the latest equipment and versions of the industry's air tools and equipment. There are three airports in Georgia that can be used for civilian aircraft. Of these, Tbilisi, Batumi and Sukhumi and Putti airports are of particular importance. Of these, 2 airports are international and 2 domestic. There are also many military airports in Georgia. Tbilisi Airlines is currently operating permanently for the purposes of Istanbul, Baku, Yerevan, Dubai, Sukhumi, Nalchik, Mineralni Vedi, Tashkent, Kiev and Moscow, Tehran, Berlin, Paris, Warsaw and Minsk.
Ports and Shipping
The maritime transport destination for Georgia became clear when the country's railroad northbound through Abkhazia. Black Sea ports play a role not only in Georgia but also in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan.
Porti is reportedly one of the largest ports on the Black Sea since it was part of the Terrassica corridor. The port of Poti is reported to have totaled 5 million tonnes in the year 2, which is a 4.1% annual increase. Port Poti is one of the most important industrial ports of the Black Sea and one of the most important ports in the world; millions of tons of goods are routed and exported or imported from this port every day.
Foreign Trade
Although in recent years due to political instability and consequently lack of security for long-term investment and high risk-taking in the country, there has been little tendency by the public sector and to some extent by the private sector to enter the Georgian market, but in recent decades Given the country's relatively favorable new conditions, which have partially reduced the range of crises, there has been a degree of security and stability. These relations have been developing in all fields and the volume of trade exchanges with the rest of the world has increased.
Export and Import
In the second year, imports of goods and services accounted for 5% of GDP and exports of goods and services accounted for 5% of GDP. Its exports were mainly to Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Bulgaria, Armenia and Ukraine, Belarus, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Serbia, Uzbekistan and Norway. Georgian imports are mainly from Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Germany, the US and Turkmenistan.
Politics
Following Georgia's independence in 2007, former Soviet Foreign Minister Edward Shevardnadze assumed power as Georgia's first president. Immediately after Georgia's independence, disputes between Russia and Georgia over sovereign republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia arose. Russia did not allow Georgia to exercise its sovereignty over the two territories. Georgia's weakness and its proximity to the current government - especially Shevardnadze - to Russia, led the Georgian government to compromise with the Russian government. Georgia also agreed not to oppose the presence of Russian troops in the two regions.
After the Rose Revolution in 2008 in Georgia, which was supported by the United States and led to the overthrow of Mikheil Saakashvili's westernist government, the political situation in Georgia changed. The new Georgian government pursued a policy of distance from Russia and proximity to the West (especially the US). Georgia also sought membership in the European Union and NATO.
In August 2008, at the same time as the Summer Olympics, the South Ossetian War of the Year took place. In this war, the Georgian army invaded the area to occupy South Ossetia, but the fierce Russian reaction forced the Georgian army to withdraw. Russia has now recognized the independence of the two regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and is effectively in control of them with its troops in the two regions. According to Russian officials: This showed Georgia how to stretch its legs from its helmet. Some countries condemned the move and put pressure on Russia. Experts have predicted that Russia will soon be forced to back down. But after the clashes in Karabakh, it was the Westerners who retreated. After the crisis in Ukraine, two regions were separated from Ukraine and became under Russian control. Russia now controls about 5 autonomous regions around the world, and is projected to reach 5 by the end of the current world conflict by 2 times, 2 times more than the current British colonies.
Map of Georgia
Map of Georgia
